IGNOU BPYC-133 June 2022 Previous Year Question Paper

Q1.Write a note on the fallacy of ambiguity, highlighting and elaborating upon the following sub-headings : 10+10

(i) Definition and nature of the fallacy of ambiguity.

(ii) Various kinds of fallacy of ambiguity with suitable examples.

Q2.What is an existential import ? What changes were made to the traditional square of opposition in response to the concerns raise d by existential import ?

Q3.How does Ny āya philosophy define ‘Anumāna’ and ‘Vy āpti’ ? W rite a note on the process of ‘P arārthānumāna’ illustrating it with the help of two appropriate examples.

Q4.What is a dilemma ? How can a dilemma be avoided ? Substantiate your answer with suitable examples.

Q5.Answer any two of the following questions in about 250 words each : 2×10=20

(a) What is meant by ‘g eneralization’ ? Explain in brief about different types of generalization. 10

(b) Explain the concepts of ‘analytic and synthetic’ and ‘a priori and a posterior i’ with suitable examples. 10

(c) What is meant by ‘distribution of term’ in a categorical proposition ? With respect to the following propositions mention the quality and quantity for each of them; and check whether subject and/or predicate term(s) is distributed in the following propositions, stating the reason fo r your answer : 5+5

(i) No dogs are cats.

(ii) Same artists are philosophers.

(d) Read the following arguments carefully. Identify the formal fallacy committed by each and give suitable justifications to support your answer : 2×5=10

(i) All elephants are vegetarians. No lions are elephants. Therefore, no lions are vegetarians.

(ii) All elephants are vegetarians. No lions are elephants. Therefore, some lions are vegetarians.

(iii) All philosophers are scientists. Some scientists are not musicians. Therefore, some philosophers are musicians.

(iv) All dogs are mammals. All dogs are friends of humans. Therefore, all friends of humans are mammals.

(v) All freedomfighters are revolutionists. All poets are revolutionists. Therefore, all poets are freedom - fighters.

Q6.Answer any four of the following questions in about 150 words each :

(a) Explain briefly the characteristics of deductive reasoning. 5

(b) How does the Buddhist conception of inference differ from the Ny āya conception of inference ? 5

(c) Distinguish between ‘concrete and abstract term’ and ‘singular and generals term’ with suitable examples. 5

(d) Write a note on the axioms of categorical syllogism. 5

(e) How do Aristotelian logic and symbolic logic differ from each other in their respective use of symbols ? 5

(f) What is inductive reasoning ? Why is inductive logic said to arrive only at probabilities and not certainties ?

Q7.Write short notes on any five of the following in about 100 words each :

(a) Biconditional proposition 4

(b) Hetvābhāsa 4

(c) Material implication 4

(d) Class 4

(e) Standard form categorical syllogism 4

(f) Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism 4

(g) Parāmarśā 4

(h) Mood 4 2022 -133

(iii) 400- 400

(iv) (fallacy of ambiguity) 10+10 (existential import) 5+15 10+10 250-250 5+5 2×5=10

(iii)

(iv) 150-150 100-100