IGNOU BECE-145 December 2025 Previous Year Question Paper

Q1.How is development distinct from growth ?

Q2.What are the factors necessary for the success of market based approach to development ? What is the rationale behind the state led development strategy ?

Q3.State the reasons for disparities in regional development. What steps can be taken to reduce regional disparities in growth and development ?

Q4.What does the population pyramid depict ?

Q5.How does it differ between the developing and the developed countries ? When does a country signify to have entered a phase of ‘demographic dividend’ ?

Q6.What are its implications for economic planning ?

Q7.Distinguish between Government and Governance. Bring out the essential constituents of the term ‘Governance’. In what way is good governance different from governance ?

Q8.What is meant by Balance of Payment of a country ? What are its components ?

Q9.Define inequality distinguishing between ‘inequality in outcome’ and ‘inequality in opportunity. Do you agree that the inequality has increased over the recent years in India ? Why ?

Q10.How is Human Capital defined ? How is Human Development different from Human Capital ? To which economist, the credit of getting the importance of human capital recognized attributed ?

Q11.In what respect ‘Infrastructure’ determines the course of development of a country ?

Q12.How is ‘Infrastructure’ defined ? State the nine constituents of infrastructure as categorized by Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao.

Q13.Explain structural shift in employment in Indian context.

Q14.What are the major reforms introduced in the 1990s to characterize the change in development approach as one of ‘Pro- market’ ?

Q15.Write short notes on any two of the following in about 100 words each : 2x6=12

(a) Mixed Economy

(b) Democracy Index

(c) Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR)

(d) Urban Unemployment

Q16.waeer frafits (Population Pyramid) #1 eat

Q17.fea war @ ‘sate’ (Infrastructure) fret